Triangular Cooperation in Science and Technology Networks

This research, which is part of the SEGIB-led component witthin the ADELANTE 2 Programme, maps and contextualises key policies, relevant actors and institutional frameworks in science, technology and innovation (STI).

Triangular Cooperation (TrC) can become a key modality for strengthening capacities in science, technology and innovation (STI) and advancing towards sustainable and inclusive development. In this context, SEGIB, as part of its partnership with the EU on a project on Knowledge Generation in Triangular Cooperation, has carried out a study that provides an in-depth analysis of how scientific networks established between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) contribute to knowledge exchange, capacity building and the design of solutions to address global challenges.

Based on a qualitative research combining literature review, policy analysis and interviews with scientists, the study identifies key trends, actors and dynamics in bi-regional cooperation (EU-LAC). This approach provides an understanding of how scientific networks operate as collaborative spaces involving public institutions, the private sector, international organisations and the academic community.

The analysis is focused on three strategic areas prioritised in the EU-LAC cooperation agendas: scientific education, biotechnology and health. These areas reflect global priorities linked to the 2030 Agenda and challenges such as food security, climate change, digitalisation and public health.

In the field of science education, the study analysed networks in astronomy and mathematics that facilitate academic mobility, access to knowledge and the creation of inclusive scientific communities, with a particular focus on gender equality. In the field of biotechnology, the study focuses on networks linked to gene editing in food, an emerging technology with great potential to improve the sustainability of production systems. Meanwhile, in the field of health, the experiences analysed demonstrate the impact on capacity building for the production of medicines and vaccines, with programmes such as BIOTEC Cuba.

Factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and the acceleration of technological innovation have reinforced the need for international cooperation in science, technology and innovation (STI). Furthermore, significant regional inequalities in research and development investment were identified, highlighting the value of technology transfer as a tool for balancing capabilities and promoting the internationalisation of knowledge.

The case studies show that scientific networks are built on relationships of trust and pre-existing collaborations between actors who share a vision of sustainable development. However, they also face significant challenges in their planning and management. Key challenges include coordination between multiple actors and levels of government, the need to align different timeframes, and the complexity of integrating resources, systems and practices across diverse contexts.

Furthermore, the central role of open science and science diplomacy as frameworks for enhancing TrC in STI is highlighted. These approaches make it possible to widen the participation of multiple actors, strengthen the quality of research and promote the generation of global public goods. Networks facilitate dialogue between countries, consensus-building and the formulation of joint responses to global challenges.

Strengthening these networks will enable progress towards more sustainable, inclusive and knowledge-based development models, consolidating scientific communities capable of generating innovation, influencing public policy and contributing to the well-being of societies in both regions.

May 2025

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Source: SEGIB (2026). Triangular Cooperation in Science and Technology Networks.

Photographs: Image bank on South-South and Triangular Cooperation in Ibero-America. SEGIB-PIFCSS.